According to the theory of operant conditioning, humans learn by observing and responding to their environment. In order for a student to learn effectively, the teacher must create a learning environment that is conducive to learning. This involves using instructional design models and theories to create a learning environment that is effective and efficient.

One instructional design model that is commonly used in schools is the learning cycle. The learning cycle is a model that describes the steps that students take in the learning process. The learning cycle includes the following:

1. Orientation: This phase involves introducing the subject matter and providing students with information about the class.
2. Learning: In this phase, students are actively learning the information presented.
3. Mastery: In this phase, students have acquired the knowledge and skills necessary to complete the task.
4. Transfer: This phase is used to help students learn the material and apply it to their own situations.

Another instructional design model that is frequently used in schools is the zone of proximal development. The zone of proximal development is a model that suggests that students reach a certain level of mastery before they can move on to more difficult tasks. The zone of proximal development includes:

1. Comprehension: In this phase, students understand the information presented.
2. Application: In this phase, students apply the information to their own situations.
3. Generativity: In this phase, students create new knowledge from the information presented.
4. Redefinition: In this phase, students redefine the information on their own terms.

The theories used in instructional design can also vary. One example of a theory used in instructional design is cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is a psychological phenomenon that occurs when a person holds two contradictory beliefs at the same time. This can lead to tension and discomfort.

In instructional design, cognitive dissonance is used to create a learning environment that is effective and efficient. One way that cognitive dissonance is used is by creating challenges in the learning environment. When students encounter challenges, they are forced to think critically and solve problems. This helps students develop skills and knowledge.

Overall, instructional design models and theories are used to create a learning environment that is effective and efficient. By using these models and theories, teachers can create a learning environment that is tailored to the needs of their students.