Male infertility can result from various factors affecting sperm production, function, or delivery:

Sperm production problems:

Genetic factors

Undescended testicles

Varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum)

Infections (e.g., mumps orchitis)

Hormonal imbalances:

Low testosterone

Problems with other hormones produced by the pituitary gland

Environmental factors:

Exposure to toxins (e.g., pesticides, lead)

Prolonged heat exposure

Radiation or chemotherapy

Lifestyle factors:

Smoking

Excessive alcohol consumption

Obesity

Anabolic steroid use

Medical conditions:

Diabetes

Cystic fibrosis

Certain autoimmune disorders

Blockages or structural problems:

Vasectomy

Congenital defects

Damage from injury or infection

Medications:

Certain antibiotics

Some blood pressure medications

Anabolic steroids

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies.